The Ca 2+ levels, released by agonist-induced activity of phospholipase C, determine which contractile pathway is activated. In the following subsections we discuss in some detail some of the steps ...

Burps happen when air from your stomach travels back up your food tube – called an esophagus – to your mouth. Air gets into ...

A Richmond biotech company recently took a step forward with the first human implantation of its product. Cellf Bio makes a bioengineered sphincter muscle. The treatment helps patients with fecal ...

Keeping a muscle clenched usually tires it out eventually, but that’s not the case for sphincters, which do things a little ...