Abstract: Stochastic processes (SPs) are widely used in many real-world fields, especially AI algorithms and models. A discrete-time Markov chain (DTMC) is a fundamental SP where the probability of ...

The Austrian economics framework shows that subjective valuation is not shown to be arbitrary, but rather purposeful, as ...

Abstract: Point cloud upsampling is a crucial technique for improving the performance of 3D data understanding, enabling the creation of dense and uniform point clouds from raw and sparse input data.

Perhaps the most beautiful aspect of mathematics is that it applies to literally everything, even things that do not exist in ...